JCEG ID JCEG130
Name chs-1      WormBase    NCBI Gene
Human Ortholog

GGDB:HAS3 HAS1 

OMIM:

GWAS Catalog
STREAMRAFp-valueORBETACIStudy
DOWNSTREAM 0.000004 (binary) 18821565
GGDB Score E-val
HAS3 62 9e-11
HAS1 58 9e-10
Option tblastn : Query Worm Protein, Subject GGDB mRNA, E-val < 0.00001
Family Name Glycosaminoglycan (GAG ) and Chitin synthesis genes
Locus Tag T25G3.2
RNAi phenotype
phenotype Emb, oocyte morphology variant
Microscope observation (Image)
COPAS (Image)

Normal

hsp-4::GFP (Image)
Sequence Features kr:Detected
tm:Detected
Sequence CDS
Protein
References

Fraser AG, Kamath RS, Zipperlen P, Martinez-Campos M, Sohrmann M, Ahringer J Nature (2000) 408 (6810) :325-30 [PMID : 11099033] Functional genomic analysis of C. elegans chromosome I by systematic RNA interference.

Veronico P, Gray LJ, Jones JT, Bazzicalupo P, Arbucci S, Cortese MR, Di Vito M, De Giorgi C Mol. Genet. Genomics (2001) 266 (1) :28-34 [PMID : 11589574] Nematode chitin synthases: gene structure, expression and function in Caenorhabditis elegans and the plant parasitic nematode Meloidogyne artiellia.

Hanazawa M, Mochii M, Ueno N, Kohara Y, Iino Y Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (2001) 98 (15) :8686-91 [PMID : 11447255] Use of cDNA subtraction and RNA interference screens in combination reveals genes required for germ-line development in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Piano F, Schetter AJ, Morton DG, Gunsalus KC, Reinke V, Kim SK, Kemphues KJ Curr. Biol. (2002) 12 (22) :1959-64 [PMID : 12445391] Gene clustering based on RNAi phenotypes of ovary-enriched genes in C. elegans.

Sonnichsen B, Koski LB, Walsh A, Marschall P, Neumann B, Brehm M, Alleaume AM, Artelt J, Bettencourt P, Cassin E, Hewitson M, Holz C, Khan M, Lazik S, Martin C, Nitzsche B, Ruer M, Stamford J, Winzi M, Heinkel R, Roder M, Finell J, Hantsch H, Jones SJ, Jones M, Piano F, Gunsalus KC, Oegema K, Gonczy P, Coulson A, Hyman AA, Echeverri CJ Nature (2005) 434 (7032) :462-9 [PMID : 15791247] Full-genome RNAi profiling of early embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Fanelli E, Di Vito M, Jones JT, De Giorgi C Gene (2005) 349 :87-95 [PMID : 15777697] Analysis of chitin synthase function in a plant parasitic nematode, Meloidogyne artiellia, using RNAi.

Zhang Y, Foster JM, Nelson LS, Ma D, Carlow CK Dev. Biol. (2005) 285 (2) :330-9 [PMID : 16098962] The chitin synthase genes chs-1 and chs-2 are essential for C. elegans development and responsible for chitin deposition in the eggshell and pharynx, respectively.

Johnston WL, Krizus A, Dennis JW BMC Biol. (2006) 4 :35 [PMID : 17042944] The eggshell is required for meiotic fidelity, polar-body extrusion and polarization of the C. elegans embryo.

Berninsone PM WormBook (2006) :1-22 [PMID : 18050430] Carbohydrates and glycosylation.

Bembenek JN, Richie CT, Squirrell JM, Campbell JM, Eliceiri KW, Poteryaev D, Spang A, Golden A, White JG Development (2007) 134 (21) :3837-48 [PMID : 17913784] Cortical granule exocytosis in C. elegans is regulated by cell cycle components including separase.

Maruyama R, Velarde NV, Klancer R, Gordon S, Kadandale P, Parry JM, Hang JS, Rubin J, Stewart-Michaelis A, Schweinsberg P, Grant BD, Piano F, Sugimoto A, Singson A Curr. Biol. (2007) 17 (18) :1555-60 [PMID : 17869112] EGG-3 regulates cell-surface and cortex rearrangements during egg activation in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Parry JM, Velarde NV, Lefkovith AJ, Zegarek MH, Hang JS, Ohm J, Klancer R, Maruyama R, Druzhinina MK, Grant BD, Piano F, Singson A Curr. Biol. (2009) 19 (20) :1752-7 [PMID : 19879147] EGG-4 and EGG-5 Link Events of the Oocyte-to-Embryo Transition with Meiotic Progression in C. elegans.

Johnston WL, Krizus A, Dennis JW Curr. Biol. (2010) 20 (21) :1932-7 [PMID : 20971008] Eggshell chitin and chitin-interacting proteins prevent polyspermy in C. elegans.

Green RA, Kao HL, Audhya A, Arur S, Mayers JR, Fridolfsson HN, Schulman M, Schloissnig S, Niessen S, Laband K, Wang S, Starr DA, Hyman AA, Schedl T, Desai A, Piano F, Gunsalus KC, Oegema K Cell (2011) 145 (3) :470-82 [PMID : 21529718] A high-resolution C. elegans essential gene network based on phenotypic profiling of a complex tissue.

Olson SK, Greenan G, Desai A, Muller-Reichert T, Oegema K J. Cell Biol. (2012) 198 (4) :731-48 [PMID : 22908315] Hierarchical assembly of the eggshell and permeability barrier in C. elegans.

Piano F, Schetter AJ, Mangone M, Stein L, Kemphues KJ Curr. Biol. 10 (24) :1619-22 [PMID : 11137018] RNAi analysis of genes expressed in the ovary of Caenorhabditis elegans.

WormBase (WS254)

Functional Descriptions chs-1

chs-1 encodes a chitin synthase, paralogous to CHS-2; chs-1 is required for embryonic chitin synthesis, eggshell synthesis and osmotic integrity, error-free chromosomal segregation during meiosis, polar body extrusion, association of the sperm pronucleus/centrosome complex (SPCC) with the early embryonic cortex, localization of PAR-2 in early embryos, posterior localization of P granules or PIE-1, and pseudocleavage; CHS-1 is also, independently of chitin synthesis, required for normal localization of MBK-2 to cortex and punctae in early embryos; CHS-1 is dispensable for synthesis of pharyngeal cuticle, since chs-1(ok1120) mutants have it normally; CHS-1 localizes to the oocyte plasma membrane and .cell cortex
Deletion Mutants ok1120
In Situ clone=270c1   
Expression Expression
db_name wbbt name def reliability expr_pattern paper WormAtlas
WB WBbt:0006874

Psub1 "embryonic founder cell" [WB:rynl] Enriched WBPaper00046691 : P1_enriched
WBPaper00046691

WBGene00000496
Phenotype
Homology_paralog

Observed Observed and NOT Observed
Phenotype Definition RNAi / Allele
apoptosis fails to occur

"Cells do not undergo the form of programmed cell death characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), classically little or no ultrastructural modifications of cytoplasmic organelles, plasma membrane blebbing (but maintenance of its integrity until the final stages of the process) and engulfment by resident phagocytes." [WB:WBPerson712]
RNAi: WBRNAi00085623   WBPaper00038381   Observed
apoptosis reduced

"Any perturbation that causes a decrease in the frequency of cell death by apoptosis compared to control animals." [GO:0043065, WB:WBPerson2021]
RNAi: WBRNAi00085623   WBPaper00038381   Observed
cell membrane organization biogenesis variant

"Variations in the process(es) involved in the assembly, transport, arrangement or disassembly of cell membrane structures or components compared to control." [WB:WBPaper00038381, WB:WBPerson557]
RNAi: WBRNAi00085623   WBPaper00038381   Observed
chromosome condensation variant

"Any variation in the progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells compared to control." [GO:0030261, WB:WBPerson2021, WB:WBPerson557]
RNAi: WBRNAi00085623   WBPaper00038381   Observed
diplotene absent during oogenesis

"The diplotene stage is not observed in developing oocytes. Diplotene is a cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the fourth stage of prophase I in meiosis, in which the homologous chromosomes begin to separate and the synaptonemal complex dissolves." [GO:0000240, WB:WBPaper00038381, WB:WBPerson557]
RNAi: WBRNAi00085623   WBPaper00038381   Observed
embryo osmotic pressure sensitive early emb

"Embryos rupture when placed on a 2% agar pad and covered with a coverslip." [WB:cab, WB:cgc5599]
RNAi: WBRNAi00078683   WBPaper00028588   Observed
embryonic lethal

"Animals die during embryonic development. In C. elegans, often assayed as refractile eggs that fail to hatch; when applied to large-scale RNAi screens in C. elegans, more than 10% of embryos die." [WB:cab, WB:WBPaper00000179, WB:WBPaper00004403, WB:WBPaper00004540, WB:WBPaper00004651, WB:WBPaper00004769, WB:WBPaper00005654, WB:WBPaper00024497, WB:WBPaper00024925, WB:WBPaper00025054]
RNAi: WBRNAi00004304   WBPaper00004402   Observed
RNAi: WBRNAi00000211   WBPaper00004540   Observed
RNAi: WBRNAi00007554   WBPaper00005599   Observed
RNAi: WBRNAi00054160   WBPaper00025054   Observed
RNAi: WBRNAi00078683   WBPaper00028588   Observed
germ cell compartment expansion absent

"The compartments of the germline do not increase in size." [WB:WBPaper00038381, WB:WBPerson557]
RNAi: WBRNAi00085623   WBPaper00038381   Observed
germ cell compartment expansion variant

"Animals exhibit variations in the increase in size of compartments of the germline. In the C. elegans germline, syncytial compartments enlarge just prior to and coincident with the loop region, eventually abscising, to become fully enclosed germ cells (oocytes)." [WB:WBPaper00038381, WB:WBPerson557]
RNAi: WBRNAi00085623   WBPaper00038381   Observed
gonad small

"A decrease in size of the specialized tissue of the reproductive tract that produces the male or female gametes compared to control (Wormatlas)." [WB:WBPaper00038381, WB:WBPerson557]
RNAi: WBRNAi00085623   WBPaper00038381   Observed
maternal sterile

" Animals produce no or very few embryos as a result of experimental treatment. This is in contrast to sterility due to genetic perturbations (maternal effect sterility)." [WB:cab, WB:cgc5599, WB:cgc7141, WB:WBPerson557]
RNAi: WBRNAi00000211   WBPaper00004540   Observed
RNAi: WBRNAi00022556   WBPaper00004769   Observed
RNAi: WBRNAi00007554   WBPaper00005599   Observed
RNAi: WBRNAi00054160   WBPaper00025054   Observed
RNAi: WBRNAi00061116   WBPaper00026721   Observed
RNAi: WBRNAi00061117   WBPaper00026721   Observed
RNAi: WBRNAi00061118   WBPaper00026721   Observed
RNAi: WBRNAi00061119   WBPaper00026721   Observed
meiotic chromosome segregation variant

"Variations in the process by which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle, compared to control." [GO:0045132, WB:WBPerson2021, WB:WBPerson557]
RNAi: WBRNAi00078683   WBPaper00028588   Observed
membrane trafficking variant

"Any variation in the directed movement of substances in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another, compared to control." [GO:0005215, WB:WBPaper00025137, WB:WBPerson2021]
RNAi: WBRNAi00086030   WBPaper00038381   Observed
no oocytes

"Hermaphrodites lack fully specialized female gametes that are competent for fertilization." [WB:WBPerson2021]
RNAi: WBRNAi00085623   WBPaper00038381   Observed
nuclei small

"Nuclei of specific cells are smaller compared to control animals." [WB:WBPerson557]
RNAi: WBRNAi00085623   WBPaper00038381   Observed
oocyte number decreased

"A decreased number of celullarized haploid female germ cells (oocytes) are present in the gonad compared to control." [WB:WBPaper00038381, WB:WBPerson557]
RNAi: WBRNAi00085623   WBPaper00038381   Observed
pachytene progression during oogenesis variant

"Developing oocytes show defects in their entry, progression through or exit from the pachytene stage compared to control animals. Pachytene is a cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the third stage of prophase I in meiosis, in which crossing over occurs between a chromatid in one partner and another chromatid in the homologous chromosome." [GO:0000239, WB:WBPaper00038381, WB:WBPerson557]
RNAi: WBRNAi00085623   WBPaper00038381   Observed
pachytene region organization variant

"Animals exhibit variations from control animals in the organization of the germ cell nuclei in the pachytene stage region of the gonad. In C. elegans the pachytene region begins just proximal to the germline's transition zone, where germ cells coordinately switch into the leptotene/zygotene stage from the premeiosis stage (WormAtlas)." [WB:WBPaper00038381, WB:WBPerson557]
RNAi: WBRNAi00085623   WBPaper00038381   Observed
polar body extrusion defective early emb

"Unextruded or resorbed polar body(ies) leading to an extra PNs in P0 and/or extra karyomeres in AB/P1." [WB:cab, WB:cgc7141]
RNAi: WBRNAi00078683   WBPaper00028588   Observed
pronucleus centrosomes defective early emb

"Pronucleus is abnormal in the inviable embryo." [WB:cab, WB:WBPerson1815]
RNAi: WBRNAi00078683   WBPaper00028588   Observed
protein expression reduced

"Any change that results in lower than normal levels of protein expression compared to control animals." [WB:kmva]
RNAi: WBRNAi00078686   WBPaper00028588   Observed
pseudocleavage defective early emb

"Pseudocleavage is atypical in the inviable one-cell embryo." [WB:cab, WB:WBPerson1815]
RNAi: WBRNAi00078683   WBPaper00028588   Observed
rachis absent

"The nucleus-free core of germline cytoplasm in the gonad is missing." [WB:WBPaper00038381, WB:WBPerson557]
RNAi: WBRNAi00085623   WBPaper00038381   Observed
rachis narrow

"The nucleus-free core of germline cytoplasm in the gonad is not as wide as control animals." [WB:WBPaper00038381, WB:WBPerson557]
RNAi: WBRNAi00085623   WBPaper00038381   Observed
reduced brood size

"The characteristic number of offspring produced is lower compared to that of control animals." [WB:WBPerson557]
RNAi: WBRNAi00061176   WBPaper00025039   Observed
slow growth

"Any variation that causes a reduction in growth rate compared to control." [WB:cab, WB:WBPaper00004402, WB:WBPaper00004403, WB:WBPaper00004651, WB:WBPaper00004769, WB:WBPaper00005654, WB:WBPaper00006395, WB:WBPaper00024497, WB:WBPerson557]
RNAi: WBRNAi00004304   WBPaper00004402   Observed
sterile

"Animals generate defective gametes, are otherwise unable to reproduce or they generate progeny that are unable to reproduce." [GO:0000003, WB:WBPerson712]
RNAi: WBRNAi00085623   WBPaper00038381   Observed


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